4

Q1. In the IVF technique, the fusion of ovum and sperm occurs in

• Fallopian tube
• Uterus
• Vagina
• Culture medium

Solution

In IVF, a baby is produced by conceiving (fusion of ovum and sperm) in a culture medium and nursing in the uterus.

Q2. The human population follows

• J-shaped growth curve
• S-shaped growth curve
• Z-shaped growth curve
• All of the above

Solution

S-shaped or sigmoid growth curve graph indicates that the population growth of a species has three phases - the exponential phase, the transitional phase and the plateau phase. A J-shaped population curve is a graph which depicts the exponential growth of the population size.

Q3. Induced abortion is also called

• SID
• MTP
• IUD
• PID

Solution

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before the foetus becomes viable is called Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion.

Q4. One of the legal methods of birth control is

• Abortion by taking an appropriate medicine
• By abstaining from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle
• By having coitus at the time of daybreak
• By premature ejaculation during coitus

Solution

The regulation of conception by preventive methods or devices to limit the number of offspring is called birth control. There are many methods of birth control such as natural methods, mechanical methods, physiological devices and injections and implants. Of these, abortion by taking an appropriate medicine is one of the most widely accepted method of birth control.

Q5. Which one of the following is the most widely accepted method of contraception in India at present?

• Cervical caps
• Tubectomy
• Diaphragms
• IUDs (Intrauterine devices)

Solution

An intrauterine device (IUD) is the most common contraceptive method in females. It prevents the fertilisation of the egg by damaging or killing the sperm.

Q6. Which of the following is a STD?

• Cancer
• Malaria
• Pneumonia
• Trichomoniasis

Solution

Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse with infected persons are called sexually transmitted diseases or STDs. Trichomoniasis is a STD.

Q7. Which period of the menstrual cycle is called the risky period of conception?

• 3^rd to 7^th day
• 7^th to 13^th day
• 10^th to 17^th day
• 15^th to 25^th day

Solution

To avoid the chances of conception, couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.

Q8. The test-tube baby programme employs which one of the following techniques?

• Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (lCSI)
• Intra-uterine insemination (lUI)
• Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT)
• Zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Solution

A baby produced by conceiving in a culture dish and nursing in the uterus is called a test-tube baby. The test-tube baby programme involves either ZIFT (zygote intra-fallopian transfer) in which the zygote or the early embryo (up to 8 blastomere stage) is transferred into the fallopian tube of females or IUT (intra-uterine transfer) in which the embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus to complete further development of the zygote or embryo.

Q9. Which of the following birth control measures can be considered as the safest?

• The rhythm method
• The use of physical barriers
• Termination of unwanted pregnancy
• Sterilisation techniques

Solution

Sterilisation techniques such as vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females is a permanent and a sure birth control measure. It is difficult to reverse the technique.

Q10. A test-tube baby means a baby born when

• It is developed in a test tube.
• It develops from a non-fertilised egg.
• The ovum is fertilised externally and thereafter implanted in the uterus.
• It is developed by tissue culture method.

Solution

The baby produced by conceiving in a culture dish and nursing in the uterus is called a test-tube baby. The ovum is fertilised externally and thereafter it is implanted in the uterus.

Q11. Diaphragms are contraceptive devices used by females. Choose the correct option from the statements given below: (i) They are introduced into the uterus. (ii) They are placed to cover the cervical region. (ii) They act as physical barriers for sperm entry. (iv) They act as spermicidal agents.

• (i) and (ii)
• (i) and (iii)
• (ii) and (iii)
• (iii) and (iv)

Solution

A diaphragm is a soft, cup-shaped rubber device used by a woman to cover the entrance to the uterus. It is smeared with spermicide before use. It prevents sperms from reaching the egg.

Q12. The technique involving the transfer of ovum of a donor female into the fallopian tube of a recipient female is called

• ZIFT
• IUT
• GIFT
• IVF-ET

Solution

GIFT (gamete intra-fallopian transfer) is a method used in females who cannot produce ova but can provide a suitable environment for fertilisation and further development of the embryo in the oviducts. In ZIFT (zygote intra-fallopian transfer), the zygote or the early embryo (up to the 8 blastomere stage) is transferred into the fallopian tube of females. ET (embryo transfer) refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed in the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy. In IUT (intra-uterine transfer), an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred to the uterus to complete further development of the zygote or embryo.

Q13. STDs are high in people of the age group:

• 10-15 years
• 15-24 years
• 24-35 years
• 35-52 years

Solution

STDs can occur in individuals of all age groups, but its occurrence is high in adolescents of the age group 15-24 years.

Q14. Which one of the following groups includes sexually transmitted diseases?

• AIDS, Syphilis, Cholera
• HIV, Malaria, Trichomoniasis
• Gonorrhoea, Hepatitis B, Chlamydiasis
• Hepatitis B, Haemophilia, AIDS

Solution

Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse with infected persons are called sexually transmitted diseases or STDs. Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacteria), Hepatitis B is caused by Hepatitis B virus and Chlamydiasis is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Q15. It is a disease which mainly affects the mucous membrane of the urinogenital tract. In males, a burning sensation is felt on passing urine after a yellow discharge occurs; this is accompanied by fever, headache and the feeling of illness. Its name is

• Syphilis
• Gonorrhoea
• AIDS
• None of the above

Solution

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It mainly affects the mucous membrane of the urinogenital tract. Males experience a burning feeling on passing urine, after which a yellow discharge occurs which is accompanied by fever, headache and the feeling of illness. Females experience an unusual vaginal discharge, which may be thick and green or yellow in colour accompanied by pain or a burning sensation when passing urine. 

Q16. Which of the following is a technique of direct introduction of gametes into the oviduct?

• MTS
• ET
• IVF
• POST

Solution

In MTS (Maternal Transfer Spindle), the objective is mitochondrial replacement to prevent maternal transmission of mitochondrial diseases. ET (Embryo Transfer) refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed in the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.

Q17. LNG-20 is which type of a birth control device?

• Cervical cap
• Diaphragm
• IUD
• Condom

Solution

LNG-20 is a hormone-releasing IUD.

Q18. In India, the highest literacy rate is in which state?

• Maharashtra
• Karnataka
• Tamil Nadu
• Kerala

Solution

Kerala has the highest literacy rate of about 90.92%.

Q19. The percentage ratio of natality over mortality is called

• Vital index
• Total count
• Population density
• None of the above

Solution

Complete count or total count considers every member of the population. Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume.

Q20. CVS stands for

• Chorionic Villus Sampling
• Chorionic Viral Sampling
• Chorionic Virtual Sampling
• Chorionic Vital Sampling

Solution

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a technique similar to amniocentesis, except that it can be performed during the eighth to tenth week of pregnancy when abortion is safe.

Q21. HIV is classified as a retrovirus because its genetic information is carried in

• DNA instead of RNA
• DNA
• RNA instead of DNA
• Protein coat

Solution

HIV is classified as a retrovirus because it uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to convert an RNA genome into a DNA genome, which is sent to the cell's nucleus.

Q22. Measles vaccine is given in a single dose at the age of

• 3-12 months
• 9-15 months
• 18-24 months
• 5-6 years

Solution

Age  Vaccine  3-12 months DTP and polio 9-15 months Measles 18-24 months DTP and polio booster 5-6 years DT and typhoid  

Q23. In terms of population, MMR stands for

• Maternal Mortality Rate
• Moderate Mortality Rate
• Morbid Mortality Rate
• Maturity Mortality Rate

Solution

MMR stands for Maternal Mortality Rate.

Q24. The first test-tube baby was born in

• India
• America
• China
• England

Solution

The first test-tube baby was born in England on 25^th July 1987. It was a baby girl named Louise Brown. 

Q25. Amniocentesis is a process to

• Determine any disease of the heart
• Determine any hereditary disease of the embryo
• Know about the disease of the brain
• Grow cells on a culture medium

Solution

Amniocentesis is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and foetal infections and also used for sex determination.

Q26. Subcutaneous implants of progesterone capsules inserted into the arm of females serve as a contraceptive measure. It ensures its effects for how long a period of time?

• 2 years
• 3 years
• 4 years
• 5 years

Solution

Subcutaneous implants of progesterone capsules inserted into the arm of females serve as a contraceptive measure. These capsules release progesterone slowly over a period of five years and hence prevent pregnancy for five years.

Q27. From the sexually transmitted diseases mentioned below, identify the one which does not specifically affect the sex organs:

• Syphilis
• AIDS
• Gonorrhoea
• Genital warts

Solution

In syphilis, sores occur on the genitals. In gonorrhoea, swelling of the vulva occurs. In genital warts, flesh-coloured bumps appear on the vagina, vulva, cervix, penis, anus or urethra.

Q28. The causative organism for genital warts is

• Treponema pallidum
• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Sarcoptes scabiei
• Human papillomavirus

Solution

Causative organisms Disease  Treponema pallidum Syphilis Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydiasis Sarcoptes scabiei Scabies Human papillomavirus Genital warts  

Q29. Given below are four methods (A-D) and their modes of action (i) - (iv) in achieving contraception. Select their correct matching from the four options which follow. Method Mode of Action (A) Pill (B) Condom (C) Vasectomy (D) Copper T (i) Prevents sperms from reaching the cervix (ii) Prevents implantation (iii) Prevents ovulation (iv) Semen contains no sperms  

• A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(ii)
• A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(i), D-(iv)
• A-(iii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(ii)
• A-(iv), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iii)

Solution

Pills: Check ovulation in females by inhibiting the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) which are necessary for ovulation. Condom: It checks pregnancy by preventing deposition of the semen in the vagina. Vasectomy: Although sperms are produced, they are reabsorbed into the body. Copper T: Increases phagocytosis of spermatozoa within the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress motility of sperms as well as their fertilising capacity.

Q30. Condoms are one of the most popular methods of contraception because of the following reasons:

• They are effective barriers for insemination.
• They do not interfere with the coital act.
• They help in reducing the risk of STDs.
• All of the above